Pyruvic acid, a key molecule in cellular metabolism, can be synthesized through various chemical and biological processes. Here are some insights based on the provided search results:
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Historical Synthesis:
- In 1834, Jöns Jacob Berzelius obtained pyruvic acid by distilling tartaric acid and potassium hydrogen sulfate at high temperatures. This method has been used to produce pyruvic acid in bulk quantities, and fractional distillation under reduced pressure is employed to purify the sample.
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Chemical Synthesis:
- Pyruvic acid can be prepared by heating a mixture of tartaric acid and potassium hydrogen sulfate, or by the oxidation of propylene glycol using a strong oxidizer such as potassium permanganate or bleach. Additionally, it can be obtained through the hydrolysis of acetyl cyanide, formed by the reaction of acetyl chloride with potassium cyanide.
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Biological and Bioengineering Approaches:
- Pyruvic acid has a broad market prospect as an intermediate in the synthesis of many drugs and pesticides. Recent advancements in bioengineering, particularly gene editing technologies like CRISPR/Cas9, have provided new options for modifying microorganisms at the genetic level to enhance the production efficiency of pyruvic acid
- Metabolic engineering and traditional strategies for mutation bmk glycidate and selection have been applied to microorganisms to enhance their ability to produce pyruvic acid, especially due to the high costs of chemical synthesis.
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Catalytic Processes:
- A study explored the oxidative decarboxylation of malic acid to produce pyruvic acid using cobalt-iron mixed oxides as catalysts. Various characterization techniques were employed to analyze the catalysts and the reaction process.
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Metabolic Pathways:
- Pyruvic acid is a central substance in the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. It can be made from glucose, converted back to carbohydrates through gluconeogenesis, or used to produce fatty acids via an acetyl-CoA reaction. It also plays a role in the synthesis of the amino acid alanine and can be fermented to produce ethanol or lactic acid
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Radiochemical Synthesis:
- Enzymatic synthesis methods have been developed for the production of labeled pyruvic acid, such as [1-11C]pyruvic acid, which is used in various research and medical applications